Landmark Investigations
Remy-Jardin/Teigen etal 1992 CT Diagnosis
PIOPED 1990 Prospective Study
Hull et al 1983 Prospective Study
Biello et al 1979 Probability classification
UPET 1970 Treatment
Wagner 1964 Radioisotope scanning
Williams etal 1963 Angiography
Westermark 1938 Roentgen diagnosis
2012年4月18日 星期三
The role of small airways in obstructive airway diseases Eur Respir Rev vol20, no. 119 023-033
RV/TLC remains the most interesting marker of small airways closure in clinical practice or in large multicentre trials.
FEF25–75% is the spirometric variable most commonly cited as an indicator of small airways obstruction
FEF25–75% correlates highly with FEV1/FVC ratio (as % pred) but nonlinearly,
Closing volume (i.e. the volume at which small airway closure occurs) is useful to measure premature airway closure that correlates well with RV/TLC
High-resolution CT (HRCT) allows direct assessment of large and medium airways (diameter >2–2.5 mm), but also indirect assessment of small airways.
changes in mean lung density and the relative lung area with low attenuation were related to the change in FEV1 and RV
limitations to the use of CT scans to monitor small airways disease:
1.ionized radiation__malignancy potential
2.standardisation of measurements of lung attenuation and air trapping
3.a decrease in lung attenuation may be related to reduction in ventilation but also to reduction in lung perfusion
FEF25–75% is the spirometric variable most commonly cited as an indicator of small airways obstruction
FEF25–75% correlates highly with FEV1/FVC ratio (as % pred) but nonlinearly,
Closing volume (i.e. the volume at which small airway closure occurs) is useful to measure premature airway closure that correlates well with RV/TLC
High-resolution CT (HRCT) allows direct assessment of large and medium airways (diameter >2–2.5 mm), but also indirect assessment of small airways.
changes in mean lung density and the relative lung area with low attenuation were related to the change in FEV1 and RV
limitations to the use of CT scans to monitor small airways disease:
1.ionized radiation__malignancy potential
2.standardisation of measurements of lung attenuation and air trapping
3.a decrease in lung attenuation may be related to reduction in ventilation but also to reduction in lung perfusion
the end of line clover report
講的是因為人類吃的慾望，海中的魚類越來越少了
因為科技的進步，大拖網捕魚其實會破壞整個海床，把所有的魚，海龜，珊瑚等等都一網打盡，但是人們只留下一些想吃的魚，其他的生物被殺死，再丟回海洋
已經有好些魚類已瀕臨絕種譬如黑鮪
雖然好幾個國家開會決定可以捕捉的數量
然而政府或財團訂出的量，遠超過可允許的（16：30 噸），而私下捕的更多（60 噸）
養殖漁業也不是解決的辦法
因為只是用一種魚來取代別的：譬如要5隻鯷魚（做魚飼料）才能養一隻﹍魚（忘了片中說的魚名）
除了減少捕獵的量
還要推動全世界要畫出海洋保育區，禁止所有的捕獵，讓海中的生物能慢慢長回來（目前這些區域大約只佔所有海洋的0.6％， 希望能達到40％）
我們能做的是買魚時要問來源，是否來自永續（sustainable resources)
政府能尊重科學家的建議，訂定管制措施
因為科技的進步，大拖網捕魚其實會破壞整個海床，把所有的魚，海龜，珊瑚等等都一網打盡，但是人們只留下一些想吃的魚，其他的生物被殺死，再丟回海洋
已經有好些魚類已瀕臨絕種譬如黑鮪
雖然好幾個國家開會決定可以捕捉的數量
然而政府或財團訂出的量，遠超過可允許的（16：30 噸），而私下捕的更多（60 噸）
養殖漁業也不是解決的辦法
因為只是用一種魚來取代別的：譬如要5隻鯷魚（做魚飼料）才能養一隻﹍魚（忘了片中說的魚名）
除了減少捕獵的量
還要推動全世界要畫出海洋保育區，禁止所有的捕獵，讓海中的生物能慢慢長回來（目前這些區域大約只佔所有海洋的0.6％， 希望能達到40％）
我們能做的是買魚時要問來源，是否來自永續（sustainable resources)
政府能尊重科學家的建議，訂定管制措施
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